An Analysis of Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou’s Restriction on Buddhism from a Confucian Perspective

Abstract

The restriction on Buddhism imposed by the Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou was the mildest and most rational of the “Four Calamities”, because the emperor was more experienced, no agitators were involved, though a sympathizer may have exerted some influence, Buddhism was localized in China, and the number of monks, nuns and temples was greatly reduced. The specific measures were strict, orderly, comprehensive, and moderate, including such aspects as restoration, abolition and establishment of temples, regulations on converting into monks or nuns, prohibitive regulations on superstitious rituals, censorship of public opinions, and prohibition of copper. In the course of restricting Buddhism, Shizong displayed a kind of simple materialistic concept, mechanistic atheism and fearless spirit, and his stern personality stood in contrast to the moderate measures.